14 A New Birth Of Freedom, Give Me Liberty Ch. Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. The driving force behind the Latter Day Saint movement was its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ After Turners execution, lawyer Thomas Grey published The Confessions of Nat Turner, an account of his conversations with Turner before he was tried. For some women, church membership and the new Christian message offered more personal power and greater personal freedom, as becoming active in the church was considered to be acceptable feminine conduct. In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. \text{Accounts Receivable (Net of Estimated Uncollectibles}\\ \text{Less Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization}& (4,000,000) &(3,800,000)\\ \text{Advances from Customers}& 640,000 &660,000\\ For some members of the movement, the idea meant the end of slavery; for others, it was an answer for racial tensions in the United States. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 Such music remained after the revival and itinerant preacher were long gone. "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. Simplify!"; and the minister Theodore Parker's close association with the radical abolitionist John Brown. The Second Great Awakening and the movement in religious revival in the United States had a profound impact on the United States. 0.080.080.08 Garrison was militant in his call for immediate and complete emancipation as a moral imperative. The meetings typically lasted three to five days and were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience. Some of this came from a lack of understanding; in other cases, it was overt prejudice. Elizabeth Cady Stanton raised the issue of woman's suffrage for the first time, the principal author, modeled the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence - the document added "women" to Jefferson's axiom "all men are created equal." In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. Add texts here. \quad\text{of Leased Property Rights}&& 1,000,000 They found a lot of support abroad and there were many books and article published form other countries supporting reform . What are the other consequences? - people brought ideas from different countries, across the Atlantic, Give Me Liberty Ch. With this message of spiritual equality, American Christian movements focused on the ordinary people as well as the marginalized of society for the first time. The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (1833-1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. 2. Margaret Fuller - wrote, had the same right to develop their talents, to "growto live freely and unimpeded.". Over the course of the nineteenth century, many towns and counties became dry. Perhaps the greatest legislative victory for the temperance movement during the era of reform was Maines shortlived total ban on alcohol from 1851-1856. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ 2. In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. \text{Gain on Sale of Machinery and Equipment}&& 200,000\\ For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. An important example of the abolitionist voice in the South came from sisters from Charleston, South Carolina who had migrated north and become Quakers because of their abolitionism. White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ For example, Virginia passed legislation making it illegal to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. \end{array} So they want to stay in the United States. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. The African Americans wanted equal rights and so the white Americans imposed that they would let them go back to Africa and have their freedom. Finney also encouraged women to speak publicly in witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings. For example, as Frederick Douglass rose to prominence as an orator in the abolitionist movement, he began speaking not only of his life as a slave, but also analyzing abolitionist policies. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Moreover, the rising numbers of immigrants in the northeast combined with near-universal white male suffrage convinced cities and states that education was essential to maintain a democracy. By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. The movement experienced what became to be known as the Great Disappointment when the morning of October 23 arrived rather than Jesus. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the women's rights movement. Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. After the conspiracy was quelled, white Charlestonians accused black congregations of the same offense: falsifying and misinterpreting the Bible. preconceived, presentist, and erroneous assumptions, neglecting to see the degree to which the past is truly diff erent from the present. The reformist impulse also stemmed from new social conditions. Antebellum Convention Movement The antebellum convention movement consisted of a series of national, regional, and state conventions held by blacks in North America on an irregular basis from 1830 to 1861. Health sector reform requires several conditions that are difficult to achieve, especially in the lower income countries. While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. Over the course of two days, the delegates discussed the role of women in society and debated the issue of womens right to vote. Many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed and allow to in the country" ( Foner, Eric. In every state, laws restricted the political and civil liberties of free African Americans. When one of the conspirators proved hesitant to rebellion, Gabriel called on his brother to speak at a meeting of the conspirators to encourage them to action: outright rebellion. The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. Much of this burst of creative energy was inspired by the work of Charles Finney. \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ Why? Eventually, the American Anti-Slavery Society itself split into factions over social issues. Like many religious movements of the day, Mormons believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. Today, the influence of the Restoration Movement is seen in the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ churches. Like the other evangelical movements of the Second Great Awakening, they stressed adult baptism as an important step to salvation. Chief among these physicians was Dr. Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania. \quad\text{Total Investments}& \$ 5,200,000 &\$ 3,200,000\\ \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ For the most part, the African American community did not see colonization or repatriation as a viable alternative to emancipation and abolition. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, and Smith began the formation of his church. \quad\text{Total Expenses}&& \$11,720,000\\ Its program for ending slavery stood in stark contrast to the "colonizationist" position earlier . What might the cost be in dollars? What is the difference between the waterfall approach and agile project management? He ended his appeal by writing, I will not equivocate- I will not excuse- I will not retreat a single inch- and I will be heard. Along with an immediate end to slavery, Garrison also espoused racial equality as an absolute necessity to ending the institution without massive bloodshed. However, the modern-day Seventh Day Adventist Church later grew out of the Millerite movement. This page titled 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. There are two main strands of literature on the antislavery origins of the sectional crisis. Antebellum reform efforts aimed at perfecting the spiritual and social worlds of individuals, and as an outgrowth of those concerns, some reformers moved in the direction of ensuring the health of American citizens. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. Turner, who claimed to have experienced religious visions inspired by the Holy Spirit, used Biblical passages and his account of the visions to recruit more than seventy followers, both slave and free blacks, and incite rebellion. Black lay-preachers, not ordained but appointed by the church or community to lead services and preach, became important speakers for and within free and enslaved communities. Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. \text{Retained Earnings}& 5,000,000 &2,800,000\\ Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. The Americans made up a tiny minority of the population but dominated Liberian politics until the 1980s. What were the different varieties of abolitionism? This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? Others sought to build and improve public and state institutions such as prisons, asylums, and schools. Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. Retained Earnings for 2013 The Grimk sisters were one example of the overlap in the reformist impulse between abolitionism and womens rights. Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ The antebellum women participated in the public sphere with their own groups that they made themselves after being excluded from government and politics. Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. Concept that empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. In the South, the movement became more conservative over time, and generally supported the system of slavery. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ \text{Prepayments}& 200,000 &200,000\\ Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} \textbf{Current Liabilities}\\ Abolitionists differed in their ideas about how to effectively bring about the end of slavery. Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. d. 12.0012.0012.00 Slower Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. Pace of Life Preference by Gender. \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ A Massachusetts schoolteacher was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane, who at the time generally were placed in jails alongside debtors and hardened criminals. 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