Identify two social science issues related to education. Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2010). The attention just given to civilians should in no way obscure or minimize the fact that veterans are also casualties of war. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html. There is the natural fear that loved ones will never return from their overseas involvement in armed conflict. Napalm bombs were used in World War II to set fire to cities, military bunkers, and other targets. End of US military segregation set stage for rights movement. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. As a result, reported rapes and sexual assaults compose only a very small percentage of all military rapes and sexual assaults. Social Issues in Sports & Activities: Athletics. Sometimes, as with the US entrance into World War II after Pearl Harbor, these decisions are sincere and based on a perceived necessity to defend a nations people and resources, and sometimes these decisions are based on cynicism and deceit (Solomon, 2006). Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. As this overview of the debate over military spending indicates, the military remains a hot topic more than two decades after the Cold War ended following the demise of the Soviet Union. These issues are made complex particularly because of conflicting values concerning drug use within modern societies. Sexual assault in the US military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Status of world nuclear forces. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A6. This $29 billion sum for each submarine during its lifetime could provide 5.8 million scholarships worth $5,000 each to low- and middle-income high school students to help them pay for college. Fourth, military waste in the form of cost overruns from poor accounting and other management failures is rampant. When we think of the impact of war, the consequences for civilians and veterans as just discussed come most readily to mind. There are also many innocent victims in wartime, but when children are victims, our hearts especially go out to them. As one business writer put it, Collectively, it is our patriotic responsibility to help our nations servicemen and women thrive in todays economy (Gerber, 2012). Other types of less obvious social changes have also resulted from various wars. The aim is to build a community of authors and readers to discuss the latest research and develop new ideas and research directions. In one example of what Tirman (2011, p. 153) calls a typical massacre, US soldiers arrived at a village that had just been bombed and ordered surviving residents to gather at the center of the town. The Nation. The chief academic disciplines of the social sciences are anthropology, economics, history, political science, and sociology. Protesters at Dow Chemicals New York office carried signs that said, Napalm Burns Babies, Dow Makes Money.. Zornick, G. (2012, January 6). Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. Critics of the military budget argue that it is more accurate to cite its share of discretionary spending rather than its share of all federal spending (i.e., mandatory plus discretionary). As large as it is, the $768 billion just cited as the official figure for the US military budget is misleading in at least two ways. (1999). . Second, the world today is a much more dangerous place than in the past because of the existence of nuclear weapons. Hartung, W. D. (2012). Although education benefits and many other services for veterans exist, the nation needs to do much more to help veterans, these observers say (Baker, 2012; Shusman, 2012). Generally accepted as falling under the heading social science are sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, and economics, although debates still rage within these disciplines as to the degree to which each is a humanity versus a science. Tirman notes that approximately 6 million civilians and soldiers died in the Korean, Vietnam/Indochina, Iraq, and Afghanistan wars. As a result, and despite the fact that endeavors to reward labor for its wartime cooperation were, in general, provisional, partial, and half-hearted, it was nonetheless the case that labor achieved some real gains (Halperin, 2004, p. 155). Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010. Second, many societies studied by anthropologists have been very peaceful, suggesting that a tendency to warfare is more cultural than biological. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security. Special Issues are led by Guest Editors who are experts in the subject and oversee the editorial process for papers. The geopolitical nuclear landscape . Looking after the soldier, back home and damaged. US military spending amounts to more than $1 trillion annually. Identify two social science issues related to war. One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. (2011). Cross) Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham) One of the most obvious problems is war, which, I would argue, has become obsolete. Inevitably, Vietnamese civilians were in the path of the fireballs generated by the US and South Vietnamese militaries. As a reminder, the social science principles we focus on in this course are social roles, social institutions, social norms, and beliefs and values. The Nation. World War I again provides an interesting example of such changes. But many observers say that the United States has neglected the veterans of later wars. Regardless of these problems, this growing body of research documents how often rape and sexual assault in the military occur. As an economics writer wryly noted, So remember to take pride in American power, and remember that it comes at a very high price. In making this classic macroeconomics decision, the United States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe. One social science issue related to war is the effects of war on the mental health of the service members . Future research will no doubt build on existing studies to further illuminate this significant problem. Shusman, B. The Navy plans to purchase twelve of these submarines. American war and military operations casualties: Lists and statistics. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). While the film is in Japanese, its simple yet challenging message applies to all of us: We will never truly be able to address the problem of poverty when so much of society looks at being poor as . 147 Social Studies Topics for Your Research Project. Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. Use the reading about social institutions in India to identify two social science issues that could be researched Issues include but are not limited to poverty, achievement motivation, dropouts, homelessness . Our nations failure to meet their needs is shameful. Friends Committee on National Legislation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. The following are common examples of a social issue. . Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989. Historically, this scarcity has again motivated societies to go to war. Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. Retrieved from https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf. The $300 million cost of each F-35 fighter aircraft could pay for the salaries of 10,000 new teachers. As one scholar said of the military bases, It makes as much sense for the Pentagon to hold onto 227 military bases in Germany as it would for the post office to maintain a fleet of horses and buggies (vanden Heuvel, 2011). Read summaries of the latest scientific research pertaining to a range of social issues. By any measure, then, the US military has played a fundamental role, for better or worse, in the nations foreign affairs historically and also today. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Social science is the scholarly study of human society and social relationships. napalm sticks to kids. Advocates for veterans with severe physical or cognitive problems also urge the government to greatly expand its very small program of monthly cash payments to these veterans families to help replace their lost incomes (Einhorn, 2011). The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviours and interactions with each other and with their built, technological and natural environments. to social improvement. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. In Vietnam, Tirman writes, American troops and planes routinely razed villages to the ground, killing villagers indiscriminately, and then evacuated any survivors. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). A.I.D.E. However, later investigation revealed that the attack never occurred and that the White House lied to Congress and the American people (Wells, 1994). In 2011, military spending (defense outlays by the Department of Defense and certain other agencies; outlays include costs for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars) according to the government was approximately $768 billion. First, the human brain is far more advanced than the brains of other primates, and genetic instincts that might drive these primates behavior do not necessarily drive human behavior. Herdy, A., & Moffeit, M. (2004). Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. The fiscal year 2013 defense budget: A report card. Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. McGovern, G. (2011). Why. 1.2 Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems, 1.3 Continuity and Change in Social Problems, 2.1 The Measurement and Extent of Poverty, 2.2 Who the Poor Are: Social Patterns of Poverty, 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, 3.5 Dimensions of Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.6 Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.7 Reducing Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 4.4 Violence against Women: Rape and Sexual Assault, 5.2 Public Attitudes about Sexual Orientation, 5.3 Inequality Based on Sexual Orientation, 5.4 Improving the Lives of the LGBT Community, 6.3 Life Expectancy and the Graying of Society, 6.4 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 6.6 Reducing Ageism and Helping Older Americans, 7.5 Drug Policy and the War on Illegal Drugs, 7.6 Addressing the Drug Problem and Reducing Drug Use, 10.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 10.3 Changes and Problems in American Families, 11.1 An Overview of Education in the United States, 11.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 11.3 Issues and Problems in Elementary and Secondary Education, 11.4 Issues and Problems in Higher Education, 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Work and the Economy, 13.1 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Health Care, 13.2 Global Aspects of Health and Health Care, 13.3 Problems of Health in the United States, 13.4 Problems of Health Care in the United States, 14.2 Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization, 15.1 Sociological Perspectives on Population and the Environment, 15.4 Addressing Population Problems and Improving the Environment, 16.1 Sociological Perspectives on War and Terrorism, 16.4 Preventing War and Stopping Terrorism. According to this argument, war is part of our genetic heritage because the humans who survived tens of thousands of years ago were those who were most able, by virtue of their temperament and physicality, to take needed resources from other humans they attacked and to defend themselves from attackers. Another issue would be the stress on the families who have a service member deployed in a war zone . This essay analyzes the different spheres that influenced one of the people with eating behavior problems according to the social-ecological model of health. Defense outlays rose by 85 percent beyond inflation between 2000 and 2011. In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. This percentage range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense outlays. 221232). Retrieved from http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/22/health/children-of-deployed-troops-struggle-researchers-find. Harrison, T. (2012). "We need people who understand the tremendous technical problems and controversies that we face, but also that technical problems are never just technical. Discretionary spending involves the money the president and Congress must decide how to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only. This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. This work goes under a variety of names, including 'human dynamics' and 'computational social science'. Most Americans continued to live their normal lives, whereas most Iraqis had to struggle to survive the many ravages of war. Many examples of this impact exist, but one well-known example involves the defeat of Germany in World War I, which led to a worsening economy during the next decade that in turn helped fuel the rise of Hitler. Explain why war is best understood as a social phenomenon and why nations go to war. Identify two social science issues related to education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. These experts say the military budget is bloated for at least four reasons. When these problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological state of these veterans. Many antiwar protests in the United States focused on the civilian suffering from napalm. Although World War II killed an estimated 55 million people, a smaller percentage of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the twentieth century than in earlier eras. Tirman describes one Korean incident in which machine gun fire from US warplanes killed about one hundred civilian refugees who were resting on a road. DOD: New nuclear subs will cost $347 billion to acquire, operate. The defense industry remains a powerful force in the US economy six decades after Eisenhower issued his warning, and US military spending continues unabated. Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. It soon became the biggest social and economical problem for the whole world. We both wound up suspended for that one (Ashton, 2011). Second, the government states that defense outlays accounted for almost 20 percent of federal spending in 2011 (US Census Bureau, 2012). A concerted effort needed to help homeless veterans. After they did so, US ground troops shot them and left a pile of dead bodies that included twenty-one children. ABC News. Epistemologically, scientific realism is (say, mainly) based on the idea that we generate theoretical entities to understand, describe, and discover a structure . Tirman, J. The European nations decisions to limit their military spending allows more spending for social needs. Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. Experts disagree over this issue. As a historian summarized this connection, By the end of the war, labors wartime mobilization and participation had increased its relative power within European societies. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. appeared first on Yourhomeworksolutions. Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. By 2011, NIJ's solicitation for social science research on forensic science yielded several solid proposals, and we were able to fund five projects. The samples are almost entirely of women, given their higher risk of being sexually assaulted. The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. The Vietnam War marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime. These deaths stemmed from bombs and other weapons that went astray, from orders by military and political leaders to drop millions upon millions of bombs on civilian areas, and sometimes from atrocities committed by US personnel. Researchers found that acceptance and support from community and family may lessen the toll of mental health conditions experienced by former child soldiers. . "Surprisingly, the civilians within the conflict . The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan provide additional examples of a theft from those who hunger and are not fed. These wars cost the United States about $1.3 trillion through 2012, for an average of more than $100 billion annually (Harrison, 2012). This same sum could be used to pay the salaries of 10,000 new teachers earning $30,000 per year or to build twenty elementary schools at a cost of $15 million each. Explain your answer. Gleditsch, N. P., & Theisen, O. M. (2010). Pew Research Center. Some verses follow. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn (OND), and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) U.S. Casualty Status. Spend Time on Research You should always look for academically proved and reliable sources that you can cite in your essay. This fear can take a psychological toll on all members of these families, but perhaps especially on children. Identify two social science issues related to war. The structural approach was soon bolstered by Kenneth Waltz's neorealist Theory of International Politics (1979), and reinforced 20 years later on a different front by Alexander . SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment Identify two social science issues related to war. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. Military spending: A poor job creator. One major problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault. Dewan, S. (2011, December 18). They suffer terrible physical and mental wounds that can maim them for life (Dao, 2012). I think it partly reflects a better understanding of the problems that led to war. the families are worried about their loved ones Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions University of California Los Angeles Keiser University One teenager recalled the tensions that arose when his father was in Iraq: I was in eighth grade when my dad deployed to Iraq. As its name implies, mandatory spending is required by various laws and includes such things as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest payments on the national debt. It includes a range of topics on social science and humanities, such as history, culture, geography, sociology, education, etc. History shows that when these resources become too scarce within a society, that society is more likely to go to war to wrest these resources from another society (Gleditsch & Theisen, 2010). Planes sprayed and bombed these chemicals. Betrayal in the Ranks. New York, NY: New York Review of Books. These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). The more they spend on their military (guns), the less they can spend on food for their poor and other domestic needs (butter). There are many social and ethical issues surrounding the use and abuse of drugs. Some think the United States needs to maintain and in fact increase its level of military spending, even with the Cold War long ended, to replace aging weapons systems, to meet the threat posed by terrorists and by rogue nations such as Iran, and to respond to various other trouble spots around the world. The National Guard New York National Guard CC BY 2.0. But veterans are casualties in other ways, as the news story that began this chapter made clear. Korb, L. J., Rothman, A., & Hoffman, M. (2012). Much of these mandatory expenses are funded by trust funds, such as Social Security taxes, which are raised and spent separately from income taxes. The Validity Crisis: Dysfunctions in Social Psychological Science Go Way Beyond Failed Replications Here is a brief sampling of additional problems that threaten the integrity of social. Washington, DC: Author. Bacevich, A. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). International relations debates have become increasingly dominated by structural theories since Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. published their institutional argument in Power and Interdependence (1977). Using the example of Mozambique, Guatemala and others, this paper will discuss the way in which . The authors, by reviewing the recent work of several behavioral and social science disciplines concerned with the impact of war upon society, suggest that the study of war's social ramifications has been characterized by the publication of empirical work that neglects, to some extent, the larger sociological implications of war as well as its Virtual reality An unknown number of civilians were burned severely or, if they were lucky, died. Drew, C. (2011, March 30). Outline both sides to the debate over the size of the US military budget. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. The social sciences are primarily academic enterprises, more so than either the biological or physical sciences, and the academic portion of the discipline is not only overwhelmingly larger than other sectors but also overpoweringly more prestigious. Statistical abstract of the United States: 2012. One veteran recalled being gang raped by her drill sergeant and four other soldiers, who then broke several bones in her body and urinated on her. A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. This is the longest peace in recorded history by far. As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. (2012). Resources, the environment, and conflict. Between 1861 and 1865, at least 618,000 and perhaps as many as 750,000 soldiers in both the Union and the Confederacy died on the battlefield or from disease. Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. The study involved child soldiers who participated in Sierra . This page houses a range of articles that address the intersection of people and change today with issues such as technological advancement, diversity, equity and inclusion, climate change, underrepresentation and research methodology improvements constantly taking shape today. Regarding this fear, former US senator and presidential candidate George McGovern (2011, p. 47), a decorated World War II hero, writes, We need to end the false choice between a bloated budget and a weak spine.. Cost equivalencies illustrate what is lost when so much money is spent on the military, especially on weapons systems that do not work and are not needed. Kaplan, F. (2012, February 13). Because napalm is very sticky, it is almost impossible to wipe off or remove with water once it does end up on skin. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/. New York Times, p. B4. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131. In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. Each of these warheads is an average of at least twenty times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs that decimated Japan. Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. for the social science issues related to war, the first thing that comes to mind is the effect on the families. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2012/02/_2013_pentagon_budget_why_so_much_spending_on_big_war_weapons_.html. 2023 World War II-style rationing could be an effective way to reduce carbon . Castelli, C. J. As these numbers make clear, military personnel who commit rape and sexual assault almost always avoid any punishment. Military preparedness does not come cheap. Bess, M. (2008). US veterans: By the numbers. This figure ranked the highest in the world and constituted almost 35 percent of all world arms exports. Bumiller, E. (2010, July 25). The war: A trillion can be cheap. New York Times, p. A1. Because it took place in Iraq, many more Iraqis than Americans died or were wounded, and the war certainly affected Iraqi societyits infrastructure, economy, natural resources, and so forthfar more than it affected American society. A fifth and related group is composed of social reconstructionists or critical pedagogues, who cast social studies in schools in a leading role in the According to a recent estimate, $1 billion spent by the Pentagon creates 11,200 jobs, but the same $1 billion spent in other sectors would create 16,800 clean energy jobs, 17,200 health-care jobs, and 26,700 education jobs (Pollin & Garrett-Peltier, 2011). Social research can help solve them. Victims of military rape deserve justice. Families of deployed troops also face many difficulties. Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars. 1. Introduction. For example, the Iraq war that began in 2003 involved two countries more than any others, the United States and Iraq. Veterans of the Vietnam War came back to a nation that often did not greet them as heroes. Reflecting on these findings, an author of the study said, Its really time to focus on the children that are left behind (Ashton, 2011). War has significant impacts, but perhaps most of all on civilians and veterans. To put that another way, between 43 percent and 48 percent of all federal income tax dollars were used for military expenditures that year. National Priorities Project. Leitenberg, M. (2006). In fact, rape and sexual assault are the leading cause of PTSD among women veterans, while combat trauma is the leading cause of PTSD among male veterans. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how . A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. social science, any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. CNN.com. 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